Observing God’s World Page 207-208

This is the tutorial for drawing an ellipse based on pages 207-208, Observing God’s World.

Click each picture to see the full page.

Gems, Metals, Coal, Fossil Fuels, and Caves

What are gems?

Gems are rare and beautiful minerals that are cut and polished for use in jewelry and decoration.

How are they different from regular minerals?

Gems are usually harder, clearer, and more colorful than ordinary minerals. They are valued for their beauty, rarity, and durability.

Give examples: diamond, ruby, sapphire, etc.

Examples of gems include:

• Diamond – the hardest known mineral

• Ruby – a red gemstone

• Sapphire – usually blue, but can come in other colors

• Emerald – a green gemstone

How are gems used?

Gems are used mainly in jewelry and ornamental objects. Some gems, like diamonds, are also used in cutting tools because of their hardness.

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🔹 Metals (Section 3.7)

What makes a metal a mineral?

A metal is a mineral if it is a natural substance found in the earth and has a crystalline structure. Metals are often shiny, malleable (can be shaped), and good conductors of heat and electricity.

Common metals: gold, silver, copper, iron

• Gold – valuable, used in jewelry and electronics

• Silver – used in jewelry, electronics, and coins

• Copper – used in wiring and plumbing

• Iron – used to make steel for construction and tools

What is smelting?

Smelting is the process of heating ores to extract the metal from them. It separates the pure metal from the other materials in the ore.

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🔹 Coal and Fossil Fuels (Section 3.8)

What is coal and how is it formed?

Coal is a black or dark brown rock made from the remains of ancient plants. It forms over millions of years when plant material is buried under layers of earth and compressed by heat and pressure.

What are fossil fuels?

Fossil fuels are energy sources made from the remains of plants and animals that lived long ago. They include coal, oil, and natural gas.

Types: coal, oil, natural gas

• Coal – solid, used for electricity and heating

• Oil (petroleum) – liquid, refined into gasoline and other fuels

• Natural gas – gas form, used for cooking and heating

How do we use them in everyday life?

Fossil fuels are used to:

• Generate electricity

• Power vehicles (cars, planes)

• Heat homes and buildings

• Cook food

Why are they called "nonrenewable"?

Fossil fuels are called nonrenewable because they take millions of years to form, and once they are used up, they cannot be quickly replaced.

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🔹 Caves (Section 3.9)

How do caves form?

Caves form when rainwater, mixed with carbon dioxide, becomes a weak acid and slowly dissolves limestone underground, creating hollow spaces over time.

What are stalactites and stalagmites?

• Stalactites hang from the ceiling of a cave.

• Stalagmites grow upward from the floor.
  They form from dripping mineral-rich water that leaves behind deposits of calcite.

What is limestone’s role in cave formation?

Limestone is a soft, easily dissolved rock. It is the primary type of rock in which most solution caves form because acidic water can easily wear it away.

How do caves remind us of God’s design in nature?

Caves show God's design by their beauty, complexity, and order. The slow and precise formation of cave structures like stalactites and stalagmites reveals God’s creativity and the power of natural processes He designed.

Science G6 Summary - Semester 1

 The three essential elements required by a leaf to perform its work are water, air, and light. Photosynthesis is the primary process occurs in leaves to produce food for the plant. Producing proteins and vitamins are the function do leaves perform aside from photosynthesis. The modified leaves called special leaves. Cactus spines lack chlorophyll. A characteristic of carnivorous plants that feed on other organisms. When observing the shoot system of a plant, the stems and leaves are the parts visible to us. Shipping and receiving are the primary functions of plant roots. Root hairs is the structures near the root's end play a role in absorbing water and minerals.

Pistil is the part of a flower holds the reproductive organs and nectar attracts bees deep into a flower. Anything formed from a flower's ovary become fruit. Botanists are the scientists who study plants. Hybrid is the term refers to a new variety of plants produced by plant scientists. Grasses are the plant family that typically includes sugar canes. An annual growth ring is developed by a tree each year, marking its growth. Sugaring is the process of producing maple syrup and sugar. Canoe birch is another name for the paper birch tree. Ferns reproduce from spores. 

Animals with backbones called vertebrates. Jellyfish and starfish classified as Invertebrates. Over 900,000 species of invertebrates belong to the arthropod phylum. Arachnids class includes spiders within the arthropod phylum. Spiders sense their environment through setae since they lack antennae for touching. Entomologists are the scientists who study insects. Eight legs and a venomous tail are characteristic features of a scorpion. Hundred-footed is another name for a centipede. Setae helps earthworms hold or dig into the soil.

Formation is used to classify rocks. The study of earthquakes called seismology. The study of caves refers to speleology. Coal primarily serves as a fuel. Coal referred to as a fossil fuel because it's derived from plants. The coal commonly found in sedimentary rocks.

A spacesuit provides for an astronaut oxygen and protection from extreme temperatures. Astrology is false belief, or superstition, while astronomy studies stars and planets. A high-speed stream of particles from the sun called solar wind. The Law of Universal Gravitation explains the gravitational force between two objects. The scientific study of astronomy deals with stars, planets, and heavenly bodies, and it is used by KiCS scientists.

Mitos Antariksa

Bila kamu bukan karyawan NASA, mungkin pengetahuan tentang Antariksa kamu dapat dari buku, film, guru atau saudaramu.

Apakah benar matahari kita itu berwarna kuning?
Apa astronot meledak di angkasa?
Apakah separuh dari Bulan selalu gelap?

Apa lagi? Bumi datar?


Tembok Cina

Mungkin kamu pernah membaca, "Tembok besar Cina bisa terlihat dari Bulan." Apa benar begitu? Sebenarnya, tidak ada struktur bangunan yang terlihat dari luar angkasa!

Matahari.

Meski kita sudah diingatkan untuk tidak melihat langsung matahari, tapi kamu pasti pernah melihatnya beberapa detik. Lalu kamu melihatnya sebagai warna kuning. Bahkan di buku juga warnanya kuning. Dan bila kamu meminta adikmu atau anak usia 5 tahun menggambar matahari pasti mereka menggambar dengan warna kuning. Padahal matahari tidak berwarna kuning.

Kita tidak akan menemukan warna kuning jika cakram surya terlihat dari luar angkasa. Jika kita melihat gambar yang diproyeksikan dari matahari di siang hari, warnanya putih seluruhnya, terutama jika diambil di tempat yang tinggi.

 Apakah matahari berapi? Matahari bukanlah bola raksasa yang memiliki api abadi, tapi gas yang dikonversi menjadi sinar gamma, inilah yang membuatnya bercahaya. 

Bulan

Kata orang, bulan pasti sangat kencang karena bisa mengitari bumi dalam satu hari. Benarkah demikian? Faktanya, satelit bumi ini lebih lambat dan membutuhkan waktu 27 hari untuk mengorbit. Inilah yang menyebabkan mengapa bulan setiap hari tampak berbeda.

Bulan memiliki sumbu sendiri saat mengorbit bumi. Kita hanya melihat 59% permukaannya, tapi ini tak berarti kita tak bisa melihatnya dari matahari.

Merkurius

Pasti kamu pikir, Merkurius planet paling panas di sistem tata surya, sebab jaraknya paling dekat dengan matahari. Padahal atmosfer lebih berpengaruh dibandingkan dengan kedekatan dengan matahari. Sebenarnya, Venus adalah planet yang lebih panas dibandingkan merkurius, yang suhunya berkisar -173 derajat Celsius sampai 427 derajat Celsius.

Suara di Angkasa

Dalam film-film futuristik (misalnya Star Trek, Star Wars, Guardian of Galaxy, dll), bila ada benturan di luar angkasa pasti menghasilka suara menggelegar, padahal suara tidak bisa merambat tanpa udara. Tanpa udara, benturan di antariksa tidak bersuara.

Astronot

Apakah astronot meledak di ruang angkasa? Tidak mungkin bisa selamat di antariksa bila tidak menggunakan baju khusus. Dalam hitungan menit, tubuh akan mati lemas dan darah. Tapi Anda tidak akan meledak. Tubuh Anda akan membengkak, tapi kulit manusia cukup kuat untuk menahan ledakan.

Meteorit 

Meteorit beku di luar angkasa, ketika masuk ke atmosfer makan akan mengeluarkan api, mereka jatuh sangat cepat sehingga tidak mungkin sangat panas. Mungkin ketika jatuh hanya hangat. 

Graviasi

Kalau astronot melayang tidak berarti tidak ada gravitasi. Benarkah demikian?  Sebenarnya, gravitasi tetap ada. Inilah yang membuat obyek tetap bergerak di orbit. Astronaut di luar angkasa terlihat melayang kerena mereka secara konstan jatuh.


Kesimpulan
Menjadi seorang scientist, jangan menjadi apa kata orang saja tetapi kita harus menyelidiki, yang mana yang benar dan ilmiah. Mitos hanya ditempatkan di buku dan film fiksi ilmiah saja. bukan fakta yang sebenarnya.

Sumber 1
Sumber 2

Animal Classification

Classification is a system of arrangement of organisms into different groups on the basis of their similarities, differences and relationship. Classification is also known as TAXONOMY. It is the branch of science which deals with and is defined as Identification, nomenclature and classification of organisms with certain principles. It makes the study of wide variety of organism easy. It also helps to understand the interrelationship among different organisms.

Since the time when Adam named all the animals, people have enjoyed observing the design and variety in God's living creations all around the world. Many people worked on discovering and organizing new plants and animals, but the 1700s, Carolus Linnaeus finally came out with a simple. practical method of classifying the plants and animals into groups according to their similarities. He gave the first basis of modern classification. He divided organisms into 2 kingdoms :
1. Plant Kingdom, and
2.Animal kingdom (because he could see only these).

Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné)

Linnaeus divide the classsification from:
1. KINGDOM [largest]
2. PHYLLUM/DIVISION,
3. CLASS,
4. ORDER,
5. FAMILY,
6. GENUS, and
7. SPECIES [smallest].

Ernst Haeckel , a german zoologist , further added one more kingdom PROTISTA which included all unicellular organisms. Robert Whittaker , as more developments in biological sciences happened, found that there were significant differences among organisms of the protista and hence he defined two more kingdoms MONERA , FUNGI. • Thus the 5 kingdom classification by R.H. Whittaker came into existence, which is still the basis of modern classification.

Whittaker classification on 4 factors namely :
1.Cellular structure- whether the organism is Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic.
2.Cellular organization- whether the organism is Unicellular or Multicellular. In multicellular organisms what is the level of organization.
3.Mode of source of nutrition- whether the organism is Autotrophic or Heterotrophic.
4.Phylogenetic relationships- phylogeny means evolutionary history of a species. 

Science G6 Semester I - Summary 2016

Chapter 1 - Plentiful Plants
•    Every leaf is a complex mechanism working to produce food for the plant by means of chemical process called photosynthesis.
•    The leaf needs three ingredients in order to do its work: water, air and light.
•    Besides photosynthesis, another important job of the leaves is to construct chemicals, such as vitamins and  proteins.
•    Special leaf, sometimes called a modified leaf.
•    The spines of cactuses are special leaves that contain no chlorophyll.
•    Carnivorous plants such as the venus flytrap, bladderwort, pitcher plant, and sundew.
•    When you look at a plant, we saw a plant’s shoot system. We have to dig the soil to see the ohter part of the plant called root system.
•    Root are the shipping and receiving warehouse for the plant.
•    Tiny projection near the end of the root called root hair.
•    In the middle of the flower, surrounded by the petals, is a long tube called the pistil.
•    Stamens make and hold dust like yellow grains called pollen.
•    The bee is lured deep into the flower in its search for a sweet liquid stored in the bottom of the bloom called nectar.
•    Anything that forms from the ovary of flower becomes a fruit.
•    Scientist who study plants are called botanists.
•    Scientist who study plants can sometimes produce a new variety of plants called a hybrid.
•    Sugar canes are typical with grass family.
•    Each year, the tree made a new layer called annual growth ring.
•    The process of producing maple syrup and sugar called sugaring.
•    The paper birch, also know as the  canoe birch.
•    Fern do not bear seed, they grow from spore.

Chapter 2 - Observing Invertebrates
•    Animals with backbones: vertebrates.
•    Animals without backbones: invertebrates.
•    Over 900,000 species of invertebrates belong so the phylum of creatures called arthropods.
•    An arthropod phylum just like an insects, but they belong to  different class known as arachnids: spider.
•    Spiders have no antennae, but they feel by means of setae.
•    Classification of the rocks based upon how they formed: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks.
•    Scientist who study insects called entomologist.
•    Has eight legs, a long tail with a poisonous needle-like point on the end, it’s the characteristic of the scorpion.
•    The one hundred footed also called centipede.
•    Earthworm also have setae to hold or dig the soil.
•    Jellyfish and star fist is not a fish, they are invertebrates.

Chapter 3 - Forces of the Earth
•    The study of the earth called geology
•    The study of the earthquakes seismology
•    The scientific study of caves is called speleology
•    The study of stars, planets, and all other heavenly bodies called astronomy.
•    Coal is a useful fuel, commonly found in sedimentary rocks, that comes from decayed plants and is used for heating, industrial purposes, and generating electricity. Coal also called a fossil fuel because it is derived from the fossilized remains of plants.

Chapter 4 – God’s Great Universe
•    A spacesuit provide oxygen ans protection from extremes of temperature for an astronaut.
•    Astrology or astronomy, which one is used by KiCS scientist?
o    Astrology is a false belief, or superstition, which claim to tell people’s future by studying the influence of the sun, planets, and stars on people’s lives. We should use astronomy, the study of the stars, planets, and all other heavenly bodies.
•    Solar wind is a high speed stream of particles that travels outward from holes in the sun's corona and beats upon the earth's upper atmosphere.
•    The law of universal gravitation: the strength of the gravitational force between two objects depends on their masses (the amount of matter they contain) and the distance between them.

Mengapa Styrofoam Berbahaya?

Sumber penyakit bagi manusia

Styrofoam jadi berbahaya karena terbuat dari butiran-butiran styrene, yang diprosese dengan menggunakan benzana (alias benzene). Padahal benzana termasuk zat yang bisa menimbulkan banyak penyakit.

Benzana bisa menimbulkan masalah pada kelenjar tyroid, mengganggu sistem syaraf sehingga menyebabkan kelelahan, mempercepat detak jantung, sulit tidur, badan menjadi gemetaran, dan menjadi mudah gelisah. Dibeberapa kasus, benzana bahkan bisa mengakibatkan hilang kesadaran dan kematian. Saat benzana termakan, dia akan masuk ke sel-sel darah dan lama-kelamaan akan merusak sumsum tulang belakang. Akibatnya produksi sel darah merah berkurang dan timbullah penyakit anemia. Efek lainnya, sistem imun akan berkurang sehingga kita mudah terinfeksi. Pada wanita, zat ini berakibat buruk terhadap siklus menstruasi dan mengancam kehamilan. Dan yang paling berbahaya, zat ini bisa menyebabkan kanker payudara dan kanker prostat.

Beberapa lembaga dunia seperti World Health Organization’ s International Agency for Research on Cancer dan EPA (Enviromental Protection Agency) styrofoam telah dikategorikan sebagai bahan karsinogen(bahan yang dapat menyebabkan kanker)

Saat makanan atau minuman ada dalam wadah styrofoam, bahan kimia yang terkandung dalam styrofoam akan berpindah ke makanan. Perpindahannya akan semakin cepat jika kadar lemak (fat) dalam suatu makanan atau minuman makin tinggi. Selain itu, makanan yang mengandung alkohol atau asam (seperti lemon tea) juga dapat mempercepat laju perpindahan.Semakin panas suatu makanan, semakin cepat pula migrasi bahan kimia styrofoam ke dalam makanan.

Padahal di restoran-restoran siap saji dan di tukang-tukang makanan di pinggir jalan, styrofoam digunakan untuk membungkus makanan yang baru masak.. Malahan ada gerai makanan cepat saji yang memanaskan lagi makanan yang telah terbungkus styrofoam di dalam microwave. Terbayang’kan, betapa banyaknya zat kimia yang pindah ke makanan kita dan akhirnya masuk ke dalam tubuh kita.

Sumber pencemaran lingkungan

Styrofoam tak ramah lingkungan. Karena tidak bisa diuraikan oleh alam, styrofoam akan menumpuk begitu saja dan mencemari lingkungan. Styrofoam yang terbawa ke laut, akan dapat merusak ekosistem dan biota laut. Beberapa perusahaan memang mendaur ulang styrofoam. Namun sebenarnya, yang dilakukan hanya menghancurkan styrofoam lama, membentuknya menjadi styrofoam baru dan menggunakannya kembali menjadi wadah makanan dan minuman.

Proses pembuatan styrofoam bisa mencemari lingkungan. Data EPA (Enviromental Protection Agency) di tahun 1986 menyebutkan, limbah berbahaya yang dihasilkan dari proses pembuatan styrofoam sangat banyak. Hal itu menyebabkan EPA mengategorikan proses pembuatan styrofoam sebagai penghasil limbah berbahaya ke-5 terbesar di dunia. Selain itu, proses pembuatan styrofoam menimbulkan bau yang tak sedap yang mengganggu pernapasan dan melepaskan 57 zat berbahaya ke udara.

Mengeahui sedemikian besar dampak negatif bagi kesehatan dan lingkungan, beberapa kota di Amerika seperti Berkeley dan Ohio telah melarang penggunaan styrofoam sebagai kemasan makanan.

Bagaimana dengan kalian, masih tetap mau memakai styrofoam?
 

sumber

Monocot and Dicot

Plants can be separated into two distinct categories: monocots and dicots. A Maple tree is an example of a dicot whereas turf is an example of a monocot. What makes the two types different and why is it important to understand which is which?

Monocot vs. Dicot
Monocots differ from dicots in four distinct structural features: leaves, stems, roots and flowers.
But, the differences start from the very beginning of the plant's life cycle: the seed. Within the seed lies the plant's embryo. Whereas monocots have one cotyledon (vein), dicots have two. This small difference at the very start of the plant's life cycle leads each plant to develop vast differences.

Roots: Fibrous vs. taproot
Once the embryo begins to grow its roots, another structural difference occurs.
Monocots tend to have “fibrous roots” that web off in many directions. These fibrous roots occupy the upper level of the soil in comparison to dicot root structures that dig deeper and create thicker systems.

Dicot roots also contain one main root called the taproot, where other, smaller roots branch off.
Despite the type of plant, roots are essential to the plant’s growth and survival, therefore encouraging a deeper and more extensive root system that can help increase the health of the plant.
 
Stems: Arranging the vascular tissue
As the monocots develop, their stems arrange the vascular tissue (the circulatory system of the plant) sporadically. This is extremely unique compared to dicots’ organized fashion that arranges the tissue into a donut-looking structure (see figure).

The way a stem develops is important to note. Stems are in charge of supporting the entire plant and help position it to reach as much sunlight as possible. The vascular tissue within the stem can be thought of as a circulatory system for bringing nutrients to each portion of the plant.

Leaves: Parallel veins vs. branching veins
Both monocots and dicots form different leaves. Monocot leaves are characterized by their parallel veins, while dicots form “branching veins.” Leaves are another important structure of the plant because they are in charge of feeding the plant and carrying out the process of photosynthesis.

Flowers: How many flower petals does your plant have?
The last distinct difference between monocots and dicots are their flowers (if present).  Monocot flowers usually form in threes whereas dicot flowers occur in groups of four or five.

Science Summary 2nd Semester for Grade 6

6th Grade Observing God's World 

Wavelength:  the length of one complete wave or cycle of oscillation (measured from crest to crest or trough to trough)
Electromagnetic spectrum is an arrangement of electromagnetic waves according to frequency and wavelength

Pulsars:  stars that produce rapid bursts of radio waves
Astronaut is a person who journeys into space
Space station is a structure in space in which people can live and work for weeks or months at a time
Space probe, an unmanned spacecraft that is launched specifically to explore the unknown
Satellite: any object that orbits a larger object

International Space Station: a space station that sixteen nations are working together to build
Polar orbit: an orbit in which a satellite travels perpendicular to the equator, passing over the polar regions as it circles the earth
Geostationary orbit is an orbit in which a satellite follows the direction of the earth's rotation in such a way that it stays in the same location in the sky

Global Positioning System (GPS), the most famous network of navigational satellites

Telescope is a device that makes distant objects appear clearer or closer
Refracting telescope is a type of telescope that uses lenses to gather light and form an image
Reflecting telescope is a type of telescope that uses mirrors to produce an image
Hubble space telescope: a reflecting telescope with an 8-foot-wide mirror launched into orbit around the earth in 1990

Radio telescope: an instrument that collects radio waves from space


Sputnik 1: the first artificial object to orbit the earth.
Explorer 1:  the first satellite launched by the US
Space shuttle: an American spacecraft that was the first spacecraft designed to be reused
Apollo 11: the first manned space mission to actually land on the moon
Mir: a Russian space station launched in 1986

Palapa, the series of communication satellites owned by an Indonesian telecommunication company. All the satellites were launched by the United States, starting with the first in July 1976, at which time Indonesia became the first developing country to operate its own domestic satellite system.

National Institute of Aeronautics and Space is the Indonesian government space agency. In Indonesia we called: (Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional/LAPAN).
The first satellite made in Indonesia: INASAT-1.
Lapan-TUBSat is Indonesia’s first remote sensing satellite, made by the experts from LAPAN and Technical University Berlin (TUB) Germany. The uses of the satellite are for Indonesian natural resources observation and weather forecast for the Indonesian area.


Satillites that are used to relay telephone messages, television broadcasts, and other signals around the world: Communications satellite

Orbit that allows a satellite to be always located above the same location on the earth: geostationary orbit.
Satellites that help meteorologists study weather patterns around the world: weather satellites.
An orbit that allows a satellite to travel around the earth, from pole to pole, in as hort time to provide broad photo coverage of the planet: polar orbit.

Satellites that allow airplanes, ships and other vehicles to pinpoint their location: navigational satellites
Satellites that make maps, forecast crop production, spot forest fires: earth resources satellite

The inner planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
The outer planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto

Chemistry is the study of what substances are made of and how one substance can be changed into another.

Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. Weight is a measure of the pull of gravity on an object. Mass is the amount of matter that makes up an object.

Atoms, a tiny particle from which all substances are composed; the smallest particle of an element. Nucleus is a tiny, extremely dense core of an atom. Electrons is the one of the tiny particles that circle around the nucleus of an atom. Protons is a positively charged particle that helps make up the nucleus of an atom.

Density is the amount of matter (mass) in one unit of volume (space). Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom. Element is a substance that is composed of only one type of atom. Compound is a substance that is composed of more than one type of atom bonded together. Molecule is a group of two or more atoms bound together. Chemical reaction is a process on which atoms of elements or compounds are rearranged to form new substances

Nickels is a very hard metal that is used to make stainless steel, rechargeable batteries, tanks to hold corrosive chemicals, and the five cent coin.
Chromium is "chrome'; a shiny metal often applied to polish steel to prevent it from rusting.
Zinc, a metal often used to coat steel to prevent it from rusting; also used in flashlight batteries.
Diamond, a hard, crystalline form of carbon that is the hardest of all known minerals
Lead is the densest of everyday metals; used to make car and truck batteries, wheel weights, and firearms ammunition.
Carbon found in two forms, graphite an diamond.
Silicon is a semi-metal that is an ingredient in sand, quartz, and glass; in pure form, used to make computer chips.
Mercury is The only metal that is liquid at room temperature.

Metals, Nonmetals, Semimetals
The three main groups of elements
Periodic Table of Elements
The organized arrangement of all known elements

Kisi-Kisi Semester 1 (G3-G6)

Kisi-Kisi Science G3


Exploring God's world Wonderfully made, page 2-27

Exploring the plant world, page 28-45
Exploring the world of vertebrates, page 46-65
Exploring the world of invertebrates, page 66-83
Exploring the dessert, page 84-89

Kisi-Kisi Science G4

Understanding Science, page 2-14
Understanding Insets, page15-45
Understanding Plants, page 46-75
Understanding Birds, page 76-101
Understanding matter, page 102-130

Kisi-Kisi G5

Science

Investigating nature, page 2-31
The amazing mammals, page 32-73
Let there be the light, page 74-94
Treasures of the earth, page 95-123

IPA

Organ Pernapasan Manusia dan Hewan, hal 2-16
Organ Pencernaan Manusia, hal 22 -  34

Makanan dan Kesehatan, hal  40 - 53

Peredaran Darah, hal 58 - 70

Tumbuhan hijau, hal 76 - 88

Penyesuaian Makhluk Hidup dengan Lingkungannya, hal 92 - 104

Sifat Benda, hal 110 - 121

Kisi-Kisi G6

Science

Plentiful Plant, page 1-22

Observing Invertebrates, page 23 - 45

Forces of the Earth, page 46 - 67

IPA

Ciri-ciri Khusus Makhluk Hidup, hal 2 - 12

Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Makhluk Hidup, hal 38 - 62

Keseimbangan Ekosistem, hal 66 - 77

Hewan dan Tumbuhan Langka, hal 84 – 96

Konduktor dan Isolator Panas, hal 102 – 112

Perubahan Benda, hal 118 - 135   

Earth's Structure

 

What's inside the earth? In the early part of the 20th century, geologists studied the vibrations (seismic waves) generated by earthquakes to learn more about the structure of the earth's interior. They discovered that it is made up of these distinct layers: the crust, the mantle, and the core.


An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the perceptible shaking of the surface of the Earth, which can be violent enough to destroy major buildings and kill thousands of people. The severity of the shaking can range from barely felt to violent enough to toss people around. Earthquakes have destroyed whole cities. They result from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The seismicity, seismism or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.

Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismometers. The moment magnitude is the most common scale on which earthquakes larger than approximately 5 are reported for the entire globe. The more numerous earthquakes smaller than magnitude 5 reported by national seismological observatories are measured mostly on the local magnitude scale, also referred to as the Richter magnitude scale. These two scales are numerically similar over their range of validity. Magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes are mostly almost imperceptible or weak and magnitude 7 and over potentially cause serious damage over larger areas, depending on their depth. The largest earthquakes in historic times have been of magnitude slightly over 9, although there is no limit to the possible magnitude. The most recent large earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or larger was a 9.0 magnitude earthquake in Japan in 2011 (as of March 2014), and it was the largest Japanese earthquake since records began. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale. The shallower an earthquake, the more damage to structures it causes, all else being equal.

At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity.

In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether natural or caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.
 
The earth ejects lava, rock fragments, hot vapor and gases during volcanic eruptions. Volcanoes vary based on size, shape, composition and eruptive style. Learn about the different types of volcanoes, such as shield, cinder cone and composite cone.
Volcanoes

Volcanoes are a good way for the earth to blow off a little steam. More correctly, volcanoes are vents in the earth's crust through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor and gases are ejected. And while they are all natural events in the life of earth, there are different types of volcanoes. The types of volcanoes are differentiated based on their size, composition and explosive style.

In fact, we could compare the different types of volcanoes to players on a football team. The tall and impressive composite cone volcanoes are much like the strong and confident quarterback. The broad and lower-to-the-ground shield volcanoes are much like the beefy lineman of the team. And the fast-growing but smaller cinder cone volcanoes are much like the quick-moving and compactly built running backs of our team. Let's take a closer look at these three main types of volcanoes.
Composite Cone Volcanoes

Composite cone volcanoes, which are also called 'stratovolcanoes' or simply 'composite volcanoes,' are cone-shaped volcanoes composed of layers of lava, ash and rock debris. Composite cone volcanoes are grand sites and can grow to heights of 8,000 feet or more. Mount St. Helens and Mount Rainier, which are both found in Washington State, are impressive examples of composite volcanoes.

These steep-sided volcanoes erupt in an explosive manner. In fact, Mount Vesuvius is a composite volcano that is most famous for burying the ancient Roman city of Pompeii in up to 20 feet of volcanic ash in 79 AD. The explosiveness of their eruptions is due to the thick, highly viscous lava that is produced by composite cone volcanoes.

And this viscous lava has a lot to do with why they are shaped the way they are. The thick lava cannot travel far down the slope of the volcano before it cools. This makes the sides of the composite volcano steep. These explosive volcanoes also spew out eruptions of small rock and ash, which gets deposited on the sides of the volcano. Therefore, we see that composite volcanoes are composed of alternating layers of hardened lava, volcanic ash and rock fragments, which is why they are called 'composite.'
Shield Volcanoes

Shield volcanoes are broad, domed-shaped volcanoes with long, gently sloped sides. If you were to fly over top of a shield volcano, it would resemble a warrior's shield, hence the name. These volcanoes can cover large areas but never grow very tall. The reason these volcanoes tend to flatten out is due to the composition of the lava that flows from them, which is very fluid. This more fluid lava spreads out in all directions but cannot pile up in steep mounds.
The Rock Cycle chart below shows each type of rock connected by arrows. The arrows point from one rock form to a new form that it can become over time and exposure.

The Rock Cycle describes the process the earth uses to recycle rocks. Yes, even rocks are recycled.
There are three basic types of rocks: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary. The interesting part of knowing these names is that any one of the three types of rock can be changed into one of the other types.
The names of the rock types refer to the way the rocks are formed. Igneous rocks are formed from fiery molten magma. Metamorphic rocks form under intense heat and pressure. Sedimentary rocks form by weathering.
Click on the picture if you want to learn more about that type of rock. For details on how rocks change from one form to another, click on the arrow. You’ll read about how rocks can change from one form to another.
Let’s take a closer look at each type.

Igneous Rocks

Igneous rocks are formed of magma, the molten form of the earth’s mantle layer. Igneous rocks can form above ground as lava spewing from volcanoes. But igneous rocks can also form below the surface. Pockets of magma get stuck in layers of the earth. As they get closer and closer to the surface, the magma slowly cools. Granite is an igneous rock that formed from a slow-cooling pocket of magma.
Sedimentary Rocks

Sedimentary rocks form from small weathered particles of other rocks or the weathered shells of sea animals. Wind and rain beating on the faces of exposed rock tend to wear off particles that are blown or washed to a new location. When sea creatures die, the shells settle on the bottom of the ocean. As the sediments pile up, they press together to form Sedimentary rock.

Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks form under intense heat and pressure. Metamorphic rocks start out as igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks or other types of metamorphic rocks, but through heat or pressure, change characteristics such as sheen, tightness of grain and hardness.

Rocks continually change form. What started out as sedimentary rock may change to metamorphic and, with time and weathering, change back to sedimentary.

Science G6, First Quarter, First Semester on September 2015

Observing God's World - Chapter 2

Entomologist: a zoologist who focuses on insects

classification: process of arranging animals or other things into groups according to their similarities.

scientific name: use of the genus and species to name a living thing

vertebrates: animals with a backbones

invertebrates: animals without backbones

arthropods: invertebrates that have external skeletons, jointed appendages and segmented bodies

exoskeleton: provides an arthropod with protection, strength and support

chitin: tough material that makes up an exoskeleton

insect: an arthropod with three distinct body regions

antennae: helps an insect to feel, hear and taste

spiracles: tiny openings in an insect's body through which air enters.

molting: shedding of an exoskeleton

nocturnal: active at night

arachnid: an arthropod with two distinct body regions

cephalothorax: one of the body parts of an arachnid; a head and thorax combined

setae: sensitive hairs that grow all over the body of an arachnid

book lung: the organ belonging to an arachnid with several thin sheets of tissue filled with flood vessels that are stacked like pages in a book

spinnerets: tube like structures that release liquid silk:

complete metamorphosis :

Adult-> Eggs->Larva ->Pupa

incomplete metamorphosis :

platform spider

 

funnel weaver spider

 

ogre-faced spider

 

trap door spider

 

spitting spider

creeps to withing firing range of an insect and spits out a pair of strong, sticky threads

pounces on its prey; uses its silk as a safety line to keep it from falling

 

fishing spider

 

water spider

 

black widow

 

brown recluse

 

tarantula

 

Goliath birdeater: largest spider in the world; from South America; leg span of 10 inches

harvestman

 

scorpion: arachnid with a long tail with a poisonous needle-like point on the end

tick: parasitic arachnid that buries its head into a host's skin and feasts on its host's blood

mite: smallest arachnid

 

animalia and plantae: two kingdoms of Linnaeus' classification system

2 body regions of a spider

 

3 body regions of an insect

 

Orthoptera: insect order that includes crickets, grasshoppers, locusts and cockroaches

 

Odonata: insect order that includes dragonflies

Coleoptera: insect order that includes beetles

 

Homoptera: insect order that includes aphids, tree hoppers, leaf hoppers and cicadas

 

Hymenoptera: insect order that includes social insects such as bees, wasps and ants

 

Lepidoptera: insect order that includes butterflies and moths

 

Hemiptera: insect order that includes the "true bugs" such as bedbugs, stink bugs and water striders

Diptera: insect order that includes flies, gnats and mosquitoes

crustaceans: arthropods with hard, crusty shells

 

regeneration: the ability to replace a lost body part by regrowing it

 

swimmerets: leg-like limbs connected to the underside of each abdominal section that aid in swimming

 

herbivore: plant eater

 

carnivore: meat eater

 

pea crab

 

Japanese spider crab

 

king crab

 

blue crab

 

hermit crab

 

spiny lobster

 

crayfish

 

brine shrimp

 

pistol shrimp

 

cleaner shrimp

 

barnacle

 

wood louse

 

pill bug

 

coral reef: ridges of coral rock that lie at or near the surface of the water

 

mollusks: invertebrates that make beautiful, hard coverings for themselves called shells

gastropods: means "stomach foot"; animals that move along on a "foot" but look as if they were sliding on their stomachs; includes snails, slugs, cowries, whelks and others

 

univalve: one-shelled mollusk

 

bivalve: mollusks with two matching shells joined by a hinge

 

cephalopod: third type of mollusk; means "head foot"; all vital organs are found inside the "head foot"

 

protozoan: there are 45,000 different types of this miniature invertebrate.

cell: smallest unit of any living organism

 

cell membrane: surrounds the cell and protects it

 

cytoplasm: jellylike fluid that fills a cell

 

nucleus: the control center of a cell

 

chromosones: threadlike structures within a cell that contain the instructions for running the cell and for making needed parts

 

pseudopods: projections that an amoeba pushes out to move from place to place

 

cilia: tiny, hairlike structures

 

earthworm

 

leech

 

tapeworm

 

roundworm

 

sea star

 

sea urchin

 

sea anemone

 

coral polyps

 

hydra

 

jellyfish

 

Portuguese man-of-war

 

amoeba

 

paramecium

Science G6, Second week on September 2015